PLAYS OF SOPHOCLES OEDIPUS THE KING OEDIPUS AT COLONUS ANTIGONE OEDIPUS THE KING Translation by F. Storr, BA Formerly Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge From the Loeb Library Edition Originally published by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA and William Heinemann Ltd, London First published in 1912 ARGUMENT. Nov 20, 2017  iii FAGLES, R. (Translator), OX, B. (Introductions), Sophocles ‘The Three Theban Plays: Antigone, Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, United States of America, Penguin Books, 1984. CHAPTER ONE: The Greek dramatic tragedy Oedipus the King, has been described as “the most brilliant example of theatrical plot, the model for all to follow.

Penguin Crime.Penguin Books is a British. It was co-founded in 1935 by with his brothers Richard and John, as a line of the publishers, only becoming a separate company the following year. Penguin revolutionised publishing in the 1930s through its inexpensive, sold through and other high street stores for, bringing high-quality paperback fiction and non-fiction to the mass market. Penguin's success demonstrated that large audiences existed for serious books. Penguin also had a significant impact on public debate in Britain, through its books on, politics, the arts, and science.Penguin Books is now an of the worldwide, an emerging conglomerate which was formed in 2013 by the merger with American publisher.

Formerly, was wholly owned by British, the global media company which also owned the, but in the new umbrella company it retains only a minority holding of 25% of the stock against Random House owner, German media company, which controls the majority stake. It is one of the largest English-language publishers, formerly known as the 'Big Six', now the 'Big Five', along with /,. The plaque marking the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of Penguin Books by Allen Lane at 8 Vigo Street.The first Penguin were published in 1935, but at first only as an of (of ) with the books originally distributed from the of. Only paperback editions were published until the 'King Penguin' series debuted in 1939, and latterly the Pelican History of Art was undertaken: these were unsuitable as paperbacks because of the length and copious illustrations on art paper so cloth bindings were chosen instead. Penguin Books has its registered office in the,.Anecdotally, Lane recounted how it was his experience with the poor quality of reading material on offer at Exeter train station that inspired him to create cheap, well designed quality books for the mass market. (Other sources attribute the idea for a Penguin Books-like entity to Krishna Menon.) However the question of how publishers could reach a larger public had been the subject of a conference at Rippon Hall, Oxford in 1934 which Lane had attended. Though the publication of literature in paperback was then associated mainly with poor quality lurid fiction, the Penguin brand owed something to the short-lived imprint of British and American reprints that briefly traded in 1932.

Inexpensive paperbacks did not initially appear viable to Bodley Head, since the deliberately low price of 6. Made profitability seem unlikely. This helped Allen Lane purchase for some works more cheaply than he otherwise might have done since other publishers were convinced of the short term prospects of the business. In the face of resistance from the traditional book trade it was the purchase of 63,000 books by that paid for the project outright, confirmed its worth and allowed Lane to establish Penguin as a separate business in 1936. By March 1936, ten months after the company's launch on 30 July 1935, one million Penguin books had been printed. This early flush of success brought expansion and the appointment of, first as a secretary then as editor and ultimately as a director, who was to have a pivotal influence in shaping the company. It was Frost who in 1945 was entrusted with the reconstruction of Penguin Inc after the departure of its first managing director.

Penguin Inc had been incorporated in 1939 in order to satisfy US copyright law, and had enjoyed some success under its vice president with such titles as What Plane Is That and The New Soldier Handbook despite being a late entrant into an already well established paperback market.From the outset, design was essential to the success of the Penguin brand. Avoiding the illustrated gaudiness of other paperback publishers, Penguin opted for the simple appearance of three horizontal bands, the upper and lower of which were colour-coded according to which series the title belonged to; this is sometimes referred to as the horizontal grid. In the central white panel, the author and title were printed in and in the upper band was a with the legend 'Penguin Books'. The initial design was created by the then 21-year-old office junior, who also drew the first version of the Penguin. Series such as Penguin Specials and The Penguin Shakespeare had individual designs (by 1937 only S1 and B1-B18 had been published).The colour schemes included: orange and white for general fiction, green and white for crime fiction, cerise and white for travel and adventure, dark blue and white for biographies, yellow and white for miscellaneous, red and white for drama; and the rarer purple and white for and and grey and white for world affairs.

Lane actively resisted the introduction of cover images for several years. Some recent publications of literature from that time have duplicated the original look.From 1937 and on, the headquarters of Penguin Books was at west of London and so it remained until the 1990s when a merge with Viking involved the head office moving to London.War years. The saw the company established as a national institution, and though it had no formal role, Penguin was integral to the war effort thanks in no small part to the publication of such bestselling manuals as Keeping Poultry and Rabbits on Scraps and Aircraft Recognition and supplying books for the services and British. Penguin printed some 600 titles and started nineteen new series in the six years of the war and a time of enormous increase in the demand for books, consequently Penguin enjoyed a privileged place among its peers.Paper rationing was the besetting problem of publishers during wartime, with the cutting off supply of grass, one of the constituents of the Penguin used. As such when rationing was introduced in March 1940 a quota was allocated by the to each publisher as a percentage of the amount used by that firm between August 1938 and August 1939. This was particularly advantageous to Penguin who as a volume printer had enjoyed a very successful year that year. Further in a deal with the, Penguin had agreed to exclusively publish editions for their armed forces for which they were paid in tons of paper.

By January 1942 the Book Production War Economy Agreement regulations came into force which determined rules on paper quality, type size and margins, consequently Penguin eliminated dust jackets, trimmed margins and replaced sewn bindings with metal staples. Aside from the noticeable deterioration in the appearance of paperbacks it became a practical impossibility to publish books of more than 256 pages resulting in some titles falling out of print for want of material. In addition to their paper allocation Penguin secured a deal in late 1941, through Bill William's connections with and, with the to supply the troops with books through what would be known as the Forces Book Club. Penguin would receive 60 tons a month from Paper Supply in return for 10 titles a month in runs of 75,000 at 5d. Previously every paperback carried the message 'FOR THE FORCES Leave this book at a Post Office when you have read it, so that men and women in the Services may enjoy it too' at the bottom of the back cover inviting the reader to take advantage of the free transmission of books to the forces by the Post Office.

However was exceeding on the home front leading Lane to seek a on army books made specifically for overseas distribution. This dominance over the paper supply put Penguin in an especially strong position after the war as rationing continued. Many of its competitors were forced to concede paperback reprint rights to Penguin for this reason as well as the popular the company enjoyed. Post-war history See alsoIn 1945, Penguin began what would become one of its most important branches, the, with a translation of 's. Between 1947 and 1949, the German typographer redesigned 500 Penguin books, and left Penguin with a set of influential rules of design principles brought together as the, a four-page booklet of typographic instructions for editors and compositors. Tschichold's work included the woodcut illustrated covers of the classics series (also known as the medallion series), and with, his eventual successor at Penguin, the vertical grid covers that became the standard for Penguin fiction throughout the 1950s.

By this time the paperback industry in the UK had begun to grow, and Penguin found itself in competition with then fledgeling. Many other series were published such as the, the Pelican History of Art and Penguin Education.By 1960, a number of forces were to shape the direction of the company, the publication list and its graphic design. On 20 April 1961, Penguin became a publicly listed company on the London Stock Exchange; consequently, Allen Lane had a diminished role at the firm though he was to continue as Managing Director. New techniques such as and were to replace and, dramatically reducing cost and permitting the printing of images and text on the same paper stock, thus paving the way for the introduction of photography and novel approaches to graphic design on paperback covers. In May 1960, was appointed as editorial adviser, rapidly rising to Chief Editor from which position he sought to broaden the range of Penguin's list and keep up with new developments in graphic design. To this end, he hired in January 1961, who was to decisively alter the appearance of the Penguin brand.

Beginning with the crime series, Facetti canvassed the opinion of a number of designers including for a new look to the Penguin cover. It was Marber's suggestion of what came to be called the Marber grid along with the retention of traditional Penguin colour-coding that was to replace the previous three horizontal bars design and set the pattern for the design of the company's paperbacks for the next twenty years.

Facetti rolled out the new treatment across the Penguin line starting with crime, the orange fiction series, then Pelicans, Penguin Modern Classics, Penguin Specials, and Penguin Classics, giving an overall visual unity to the company's list. A somewhat different approach was taken to the Peregrine, Penguin Poets, Penguin Modern Poets, and Penguin Plays series. There were over a hundred different series published in total.Just as Lane well judged the public's appetite for paperbacks in the 1930s, his decision to publish by in 1960 boosted Penguin's notoriety. The novel was at the time unpublished in the United Kingdom and the predicted trial not only marked Penguin as a fearless publisher, it also helped drive the sale of at least 3.5 million copies. Penguin's victory in the case heralded the end to the of books in the UK, although censorship of the written word was only finally defeated after the Inside Linda Lovelace trial of 1978.Pearson takeover. Main articles:, andBy the end of the 1960s Penguin was in financial trouble, and several proposals were made for a new operating structure.

These included ownership by a consortium of universities, or joint ownership by the and, but none of them came to anything. Sir Allen Lane died on 7 July, and six weeks later, Penguin was acquired by on 21 August 1970. A new emphasis on profitability emerged and, with the departure of Facetti in 1972, the defining era of Penguin book design came to an end.

Later changes included the disappearance of 'Harmondsworth' as the place of publication: this was replaced by a London office address. From 1937 the headquarters of Penguin Books was at west of London and so it remained until the 1990s when a merger with Viking involved the head office moving into London (27 Wrights Lane, W8 5TZ).In 1985, Penguin purchased British hardback publisher and in 1986,.

Also in 1986, Penguin purchased American publisher (NAL) and its hard-cover affiliate. New American Library had originally been Penguin U.S.A and had been spun off in 1948 because of the high complexity of import and export regulations. Penguin repurchased it in order to extend its reach into the US market, and NAL saw the move as a way to gain a hold in international markets.Penguin published 's book Denying the Holocaust, which accused of. Irving sued Lipstadt and Penguin for libel in 1998 but lost in a much publicised. Other titles published by Penguin which gained media attention, and controversy, include Massacre by, which was suppressed in the UK by the government for a time, and, leading to its author having to go into hiding for some years after of Iran issued a, an edict amounting to a sentence of death against him.In 2006, Penguin attempted to involve the public in collaboratively writing a novel on a platform.

They named this project. On 7 March 2007, the Penguin Books UK blog announced that the project had come to an end.In 2014, the Penguin Hotline was created by Madeline McIntosh. An orange commemorative plaque was unveiled at Exeter train station in May 2017 to mark Lane's significant contribution to the publishing industry.

Imprints and series Penguin Classics. Main article:Consonant with Penguin's corporate mission to bring canonical literature to the mass market the company first ventured into publishing the classics in May 1938 with the issue of Penguin Illustrated Classics. The savings from the author's rights on these royalty free titles were instead invested in commissioning woodcut engravings from and his circle emanating from the. The books were distinct from the rest of the Penguin marque in their use of a vertical grid (anticipating Tschichold's innovation of 1951) and albertus typeface. The series was not a financial success and the list ceased after just ten volumes the same year it began. Penguin returned to classics with the printing of E. Rieu's translation of Homer's Odyssey in 1946, which went on to sell three million copies.Penguin's commercial motivation was, as ever, populist; rendering the classics in an approachable modern English was therefore a difficult task whose execution did not always satisfy the critics.

Dr Rieu said of his work that 'I have done my best to make Homer easy reading for those who are unfamiliar with the Greek world.' He was joined in 1959 by who was first his assistant then, after his retirement in 1964, she assumed the role of joint editor with. As the publisher's focus changed from the needs of the marketplace to those of the classroom the criticism became more acute, Thomas Gould wrote of the series 'most of the philosophical volumes in the Penguin series are bad – some very bad indeed.

Since Plato and Aristotle are the most read philosophers in the world today, and since some of these Penguin translations are favourites among professional philosophers in several countries, this amounts to a minor crisis in the history of philosophy.' The imprint publishes hundreds of classics from the Greeks and Romans to Victorian Literature to modern classics. For nearly twenty years, variously coloured borders to the front and back covers indicated the original language. The second period of design meant largely black covers with a colour illustration on the front. In 2002, Penguin announced it was redesigning its entire catalogue, merging the original Classics list (known in the trade as 'Black Classics') with what had been the old Penguin Twentieth-Century Classics list, though the silver covers for the latter have so far been retained for most of the titles. Previously this line had been called 'Penguin Modern Classics' with a pale green livery.The redesign—featuring a colourful painting on the cover, with black background and orange lettering—was well received.

However, the quality of the paperbacks themselves seemed to decrease: the spines were more likely to fold and bend. The paperbacks are also printed on non-acid-free pulp paper, which, by some accounts, tends to yellow and brown within a couple of years.The text page design was also overhauled to follow a more closely prescribed template, allowing for faster copyediting and typesetting, but reducing the options for individual design variations suggested by a text's structure or historical context (for example, in the choice of text ). Prior to 2002, the text page typography of each book in the Classics series had been overseen by a team of in-house designers; this department was drastically reduced in 2003 as part of the production costs.

The in-house text design department still exists, albeit much smaller than formerly. Recent design work includes the Penguin Little Black Classic series.Pelican Books. Four Pelican book covers, showing the gradual shift in the design. From left – 1937 (three bands), 1955 (grid), 1969 (illustrated), and 2007 (a 'Penguin Celebrations' throwback edition)Lane expanded the business in 1937 with the publication of 's under the imprint, an imprint designed to educate the reading public rather than entertain. Recognising his own limitations Lane appointed as the first commissioning editor of the series, supported by an advisory panel consisting of, H.

Several thousand Pelicans were published over the next half-century and brought high quality accounts of the current state of knowledge in many fields, often written by authors of specialised academic books. (The Pelican series, in decline for several years, was finally discontinued in 1984.)Aircraft Recognition (S82) by R.

Saville-Sneath, was a bestseller. In 1940, the children's imprint began with a series of non-fiction picture books; the first work of children's fiction published under the imprint was 's the following year. Another series that began in wartime was the Penguin Poets: the first volume was a selection of 's poems (D1) in 1941. Later examples are (D22), 1954, and The Penguin Book of Restoration Verse (D108), 1968. Cohen's Comic and Curious Verse appeared in three volumes over a number of years.Pelican Books was relaunched as a digital imprint in 2014, with four books published simultaneously on 1 May: Economics: A User's Guide by Ha-Joon Chang, The Domesticated Brain by the psychologist Bruce Hood, Revolutionary Russia by Orlando Figes and Human Evolution by the anthropologist Robin Dunbar.

Penguin Education. Covers of two Penguin Education titlesIn 1965 Penguin entered the field of educational publishing, Allen Lane’s aim being to carry the radical and populist spirit of Pelicans into the schoolbook market. His final major initiative, the division was established as a separate publishing operation from Harmondsworth, and based in West Drayton in Middlesex. During its nine-year life it had a major impact on school books, breaking new ground in their concept and design and strongly influencing other publishers’ lists.Among the most successful and influential series were Voices and Junior Voices, Connexions, and the Penguin English Project. Alongside these and other series, the imprint continued another Penguin tradition by producing Education Specials, titles which focussed on often controversial topics within education and beyond.

They included highly topical books such as The Hornsey Affair and Warwick University Ltd, reflecting the student unrest of the late 1960s and contributing to the intense national debate about the purpose of higher education. Other titles featured the radical and influential ideas about schooling propounded by writers and teachers from America and elsewhere.Penguin Education also published an extensive range of Readers and introductory texts for students in higher education, notably in subjects such as psychology, economics, management, sociology and science, while for teachers it provided a series of key texts such as Language, the Learner and the School and The Language of Primary School Children. Following Allen Lane’s death in 1970 and the takeover the same year by Pearson Longman, the division discontinued publishing school books and was closed in March 1974. More than 80 teachers, educational journalists and academics signed a letter to the Times Educational Supplement regretting the closure of the influential imprint Penguin Specials In November 1937, Penguin inaugurated a new series of short, polemical books under the rubric of Penguin Specials with the publication of 's Germany Puts the Clock Back. Their purpose was to offer in-depth analysis of current affairs that would counter the perceived bias of the newspapers in addition to being the company's response to the popularity of 's.

Whereas the Left Book Club was avowedly pro-Soviet, Penguin and Lane expressed no political preference as their editorial policy, though the widespread belief was that the series was left-leaning since the editor was the communist and its authors were, with a few exceptions, men of the left. Speed of publication and delivery (a turnaround of weeks rather than months) were essential to the topicality and therefore success of the Specials, 's anti-appeasement tract Blackmail or War sold over 200,000 copies for example. However even this immediacy did not prevent them being overtaken by events: 's Europe and the Czechs only made it onto the bookstands on the day of the, but nevertheless went on to be a bestseller. Thirty-five Penguin Specials were published before the outbreak of war, including two novels 's Good Soldier Schweik and Bottome's The Mortal Storm; they collectively made a significant contribution to the public debate of the time, with many of the more controversial titles being the subject of leading articles in the press.After a hiatus between 1945 and 1949, the Penguin Specials continued after the war under the editorship of first Tom Maschler, then after 1961 Tony Godwin.

The first title in the revived series was 's The Case for Communism. Godwin initiated the 'What's Wrong with Britain' series of Specials in the run up to the 1964 election, which constituted a platform for the New Left's brand of cultural analysis that characterised the leftist political radicalism of the 1960s. Indeed, Penguin Books contributed to the funds that set up and 's at Birmingham University in 1964. This brief period of revival for Penguin Specials in contributing to the national dialogue was not sustained after the departure of Godwin in 1967, and with the rise in television journalism the Specials series declined in significance through the 1970s and 1980s. The last Special was published in 1988 with Keith Thompson's Under Siege: Racism and Violence in Britain Today.In December 2011, Penguin launched nine titles as 'Penguin Shorts' which featured the iconic tri-band covers. These books were novellla and short length works of fiction and/or memoirs.

In 2012 they became known as Penguin Specials following an agreement with The Economist in March of that year which focused on the kind of topical journalism that was a feature of the original Penguin Specials. Subsequent Penguin Specials released in 2012 and 2013 continued to include both fiction, including the publication of the works shortlisted for the Monash Undergraduate Prize 2012, and topical journalism. As well as collected columns of cultural critics. Penguin Random House. Archived from on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 1 July 2013.

Allen's brothers Richard and John were co-founders and shareholders, though Allen was the dominant figure in the company. John died in service in 1942, Richard sold his share to Allen before the company went public in 1961.

The Penguin Companion, pp.80–81, Penguin Collectors' Society, 2006. ^ 5 November 2013 at the, Penguin Books. Florence Waters (26 August 2010). Retrieved 17 February 2014.; and Ross McKibbin Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951, Oxford, 1998,.

Krishnan, Sairam. Retrieved 7 July 2019.

Mark Sweney, The Guardian, 29 October 2012. Penguin's many divisions are listed here 15 April 2012 at the. Fiction Matters. 5 March 2010.

Retrieved 6 June 2012. First 30 books published, from Byrne, Donn (1936), Hangman's House. London: Penguin Books; (list of books 1–30 on back cover): Ariel: a Shelley Romance by, by, by, by, by, by, by. Baines, Penguin by Design, 2005, p. 76; edited by Pevsner they were 'designed to appeal to the general liking for keepsakes' (Susie Harries, Nikolaus Pevsner: The Life, p. 321), and modelled after the Insel-Verlag art books. ' 11 July 2009 at the.'

Penguin Books. Retrieved on 28 August 2009. 5 September 2011 at the,. Retrieved on 28 August 2009.

Morpurgo, 1979, p. 80. Krishnan, Sairam. Retrieved 7 July 2019. Baines, Penguin by Design, p.

Albatross itself owed some credit to the English-language books published by of Leipzig since the early 1840s. See also Wood, Dignified Flippancy, pp. For a history of the paperback before Penguin.

Lewis, Penguin Special, 2005, Ch. Woolworthsmuseum.co.uk.

Obituary: Eunice Frost, Independent, 18 August 1998,. Lewis, Penguin Special, 2005, Ch. 12. Lewis, Penguin Special, 2005, Ch.8, para 1. Lewis, Penguin Special, 2005, Ch. 8, quotes Orwell writing: 'One phenomenon of the war has been the enormous sale of Penguin books, Pelican books, and other cheap titles, most of which would have been regarded as impossibly highbrow a few years back.' .

Lewis, Penguin Special, 2005, Ch. 5. Wood, A Sort of Dignified Flippancy, 1983, p. 23.

Lewis, Penguin Special, 2005, Ch. 7. ^ Wood, Dignified Flippancy, 1983, p. 23. Lewis, Penguin Special, 2005, Ch. 42.

Munroe, Mary H. The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition.

Archived from on October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University. Retrieved 6 July 2019.

Retrieved 6 July 2019. ^ Mcdowell, Edwin (1 October 1986).

The New York Times. Retrieved 12 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. 7 March 2007. Archived from on 10 March 2007.

Retrieved 4 December 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2018. Penguin by Design, p.

24. Bristol Penguin Archive, April 2009 Book of the Month 27 May 2012 at the.

See Carne-Ross, Kenner and Gould in Arion 7, 3, 1968, quoted in Penguin in Print, p. 63 ff. Penguin in Print, p. 63. Penguin in Print, p. 64. Caldwell, Christopher (7 March 2003).

Retrieved 4 December 2010. Retrieved 7 July 2019. Two random examples: (a), ed.

(1942), An Anthology of Religious Verse; designed for the times (Pelican Books; A96), Harmondsworth: Penguin Books; (b) Parkes, Colin Murray (1975), Bereavement: Studies of Grief in Adult Life, Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. The work had been published by in 1975; in 1986 a second edition appeared:. Paul Laity. The Guardian. Times Education Supplement 1 March 1974. Joad, Ourselves and Germany.

Archived from on 25 February 2012. B.

Moore-Gilbert, John Seed, Cultural Revolution?: The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s, p. 65. Alison Flood. The Guardian. Roy Greenslade. The Guardian.

Anna Baddeley. The Guardian. Anna Baddeley. The Guardian. Baines, Puffin by Design, 2005, p.

13. Baines, Puffin by Design, 2005, p. 64. Baines, Puffin by Design, 2010, p. 146. ^ Baines, Puffin by Design, 2010, p.

147. Harries, Pevsner, p. 238. Harries, Pevsner, p. 382.

Penguin published their own, unsuccessful, county motoring guides, edited by L. Russell Muirhead. Baines, Penguin by Design, p. 73. Harries, Pevsner, p.

392. Harries, Pevsner, p. Popular Penguins. Retrieved 4 December 2010. booktagger (18 November 2008). Retrieved 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.

(PDF). Archived from (PDF) on 25 May 2010.

Retrieved 4 December 2010. Retrieved 4 December 2010.

Edwards, Russell; Hall, David J (1988). So Much Admired – Die Insel-Bucherei and the King Penguin Series. Edinburgh: Salvia Books. P. not cited.

McGonigal, Jim. Jim McGonigal. Archived from on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.

For more detailed information compare the German Wikipedia-site. Peter Draper, Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner, 2004, p. 73. Draper, Reassessing Nikolaus Pevsner, p. 75. Though paperback issues were begun in 1966, designed by Gerald Cinamon.

Harries, Pevsner, p. 562.

The point of view maintained at the Courtauld, for example: 'After the war many older art historians took the view that the primary tasks of art history had already been accomplished, and that the time had come for summaries. This was the platform from which Pevsner launched his Pelican History of Art project, but it was not how the situation was perceived at the Institute.' . Harries, Pevsner, p. 566; Burlington Magazine, October 1953.

was commissioned early on for quattrocento painting, but though he did a large amount of work, he found he could not keep up with the torrent of new research, and never delivered his manuscript. Retrieved 22 May 2016. Michal Oppenheimer; Rinat Berger (2010).

Penguin: The story of a place – The story of a family (PDF). Lohamei Hagetaot. Panhorst, Christine. Retrieved 17 November 2018.Further reading. Baines, Phil (2007): Penguin by Design: a Cover Story 1935–2005. London: Allen Lane (published to accompany the exhibition 'Penguin by design' held at the Victoria and Albert Museum, 8 June – 13 November 2005).

Baines, Phil (2010): Puffin by Design: 70 years of imagination 1940–2010. London: Allen Lane. Penguin by Illustrators. Cinamon, Gerald (1987): 'Hans Schmoller, Typographer', The Monotype Recorder (New Series), 6 April 1987. Graham, Tim (2003): Penguin in Print – a Bibliography.

Hall, David J., 'King Penguins', in The Private Library Winter 1977, published by the. Hare, Steve (1995): Penguin Portrait: Allen Lane and the Penguin Editors, 1935–1970. London: Penguin Books. Joicey, Nicholas (1993): 'A Paperback Guide to Progress: Penguin Books 1935–c.1951', Twentieth Century British History, Vol. 1, pp. 25–56. Kells, Stuart (2015): 'Penguin and the Lane Brothers: The Untold Story of a Publishing Revolution', Black Inc., Melbourne, Australia. Lewis, Jeremy (2005): Penguin Special: Life and Times of Allen Lane.

Morpurgo, J. (1979): Allen Lane: King Penguin. London: Hutchinson. Aynsley, J., Lloyd Jones, L. (1985), Fifty Penguin Years. Cherry, B. (1983): The Buildings of England: A short History and Bibliography, Penguin Collectors Society, London.

Edwards, R. (1997): A Penguin Collector's Companion, Penguin Collector's Society, London. Holland, S. (1993): Mushroom Jungle: A History of Postwar Paperback Publishing, Westbury. Pearson, J.

(1996): Penguins March On: Books for the Forces During World War II, Penguin Collector's Society, London. Lane, A., Fowler, D. (1960): Penguins Progress, 1935–1960, Harmondsworth.

Ten Years of Penguins: 1935–1945, Harmondsworth. Williams, W. (1956): The Penguin Story, Harmondsworth.

Wood, S. (1985): A Sort of Dignified Flippancy, Edinburgh University Library.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Official websites. Other. University of Bristol Library Special Collections. University of Bristol. King Penguin Book Series.

The history and cover art of science fiction published by Penguin Books from 1935 to the present day. Guide to the early (1935–1955) first editions published by Penguin Books. Celebrating Penguin Books' early 'Travel and Adventure' series. by Toby Clements, The Telegraph, 19 February 2009. Archival Material at.

Homer and His Guide (1874) byToday only the Iliad and Odyssey are associated with the name 'Homer'. In antiquity, a very large number of other works were sometimes attributed to him, including the, the, the, the, the, the, the, the comic mini-epic ('The Frog-Mouse War'), the, the, and the. These claims are not considered authentic today and were by no means universally accepted in the ancient world.

As with the multitude of legends surrounding Homer's life, they indicate little more than the centrality of Homer to ancient Greek culture. Ancient biographies of Homer. Further information:Many traditions circulated in the ancient world concerning Homer, most of which are lost. Modern scholarly consensus is that they have no value as history.Some claims were established early and repeated often.

They include that Homer was blind (taking as self-referential a passage describing the blind bard ), that he was born in, that he was the son of the and the nymph, that he was a wandering bard, that he composed a varying list of other works (the 'Homerica'), that he died either in or after failing to solve a riddle set by fishermen, and various explanations for the name 'Homer'. The two best known ancient biographies of Homer are the by the Pseudo-Herodotus and the. History of Homeric scholarship. Part of an eleventh-century manuscript, 'the Townley Homer'. The writings on the top and right side are.The study of Homer is one of the oldest topics in scholarship, dating back to antiquity. Nonetheless, the aims of Homeric studies have changed over the course of the millennia. The earliest preserved comments on Homer concern his treatment of the gods, which hostile critics such as the poet denounced as immoral.

The allegorist is said to have defended Homer by arguing that the Homeric poems are. The Iliad and the Odyssey were widely used as school texts in ancient Greek and Hellenistic cultures. They were the first literary works taught to all students. The Iliad, particularly its first few books, was far more intently studied than the Odyssey during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.As a result of the poems' prominence in classical Greek education, extensive commentaries on them developed to explain parts of the poems that were culturally or linguistically difficult. During the and Roman periods, many interpreters, especially the, who believed that Homeric poems conveyed Stoic doctrines, regarded them as allegories, containing hidden wisdom. Perhaps partially because of the Homeric poems' extensive use in education, many authors believed that Homer's original purpose had been to educate. Homer's wisdom became so widely praised that he began to acquire the image of almost a prototypical philosopher.

Scholars such as and produced commentaries, extensions and to Homer, especially in the twelfth century. Eustathius's commentary on the Iliad alone is massive, sprawling over nearly 4,000 oversized pages in a twenty-first century printed version and his commentary on the Odyssey an additional nearly 2,000. Main article:Scholars continue to debate questions such as whether the Trojan War actually took place – and if so when and where – and to what extent the society depicted by Homer is based on his own or one which was, even at the time of the poems' composition, known only as legend.

The Homeric epics are largely set in the east and center of the, with some scattered references to, and other distant lands, in a warlike society that resembles that of the Greek world slightly before the hypothesized date of the poems' composition.In ancient Greek chronology, the sack of Troy was dated to 1184 BC. By the nineteenth century, there was widespread scholarly skepticism that the Trojan War had ever happened and that Troy had even existed, but in 1873 announced to the world that he had discovered the ruins of Homer's Troy at in modern. Some contemporary scholars think the destruction of Troy VIIa circa 1220 BC was the origin of the myth of the Trojan War, others that the poem was inspired by multiple similar sieges that took place over the centuries.Most scholars now agree that the Homeric poems depict customs and elements of the material world that are derived from different periods of Greek history. For instance, the heroes in the poems use bronze weapons, characteristic of the in which the poems are set, rather than the later during which they were composed; yet the same heroes are cremated (an Iron Age practice) rather than buried (as they were in the Bronze Age). In some parts of the Homeric poems, heroes are accurately described as carrying large shields like those used by warriors during the Mycenaean period, but, in other places, they are instead described carrying the smaller shields that were commonly used during the time when the poems were written in the early Iron Age.In the Iliad 10.260–265, Odysseus is described as wearing a.

Such helmets were not worn in Homer's time, but were commonly worn by aristocratic warriors between 1600 and 1150 BC. The decipherment of in the 1950s by and continued archaeological investigation has increased modern scholars' understanding of, which in many ways resembles the ancient Near East more than the society described by Homer. Some aspects of the Homeric world are simply made up; for instance, the Iliad 22.145–56 describes there being two springs that run near the city of Troy, one that runs steaming hot and the other that runs icy cold. It is here that Hector takes his final stand against Achilles. Archaeologists, however, have uncovered no evidence that springs of this description ever actually existed.

Homeric language. Detail of (painted 1509–1510) by, depicting Homer wearing a crown of laurels atop, with on his right and on his leftThe Homeric epics are written in an artificial or 'Kunstsprache' only used in epic poetry. Homeric Greek shows features of multiple regional Greek dialects and periods, but is fundamentally based on, in keeping with the tradition that Homer was from Ionia. Linguistic analysis suggests that the Iliad was composed slightly before the Odyssey, and that Homeric formulae preserve older features than other parts of the poems. Homeric style The Homeric poems were composed in unrhymed; ancient Greek was quantity rather than stress-based.

Homer frequently uses set phrases such as ('crafty ', 'rosy-fingered ', 'owl-eyed ', etc.), Homeric formulae ('and then answered him/her, Agamemnon, king of men', 'when the early-born rose-fingered Dawn came to light', 'thus he/she spoke'), type scenes, ring composition and repetition. These habits aid the extemporizing bard, and are characteristic of oral poetry. For instance, the main words of a Homeric sentence are generally placed towards the beginning, whereas literate poets like or use longer and more complicated syntactical structures. Homer then expands on these ideas in subsequent clauses; this technique is called.The so-called ' ( typischen Scenen), were named by in 1933. He noted that Homer often, when describing frequently recurring activities such as eating, fighting and dressing, used blocks of set phrases in sequence that were then elaborated by the poet. The 'Analyst' school had considered these repetitions as un-Homeric, whereas Arend interpreted them philosophically. Parry and Lord noted that these conventions are found in many other cultures.'

Ring composition' or (when a phrase or idea is repeated at both the beginning and end of a story, or a series of such ideas first appears in the order A, B, C. Before being reversed as.C, B, A) has been observed in the Homeric epics.

Opinion differs as to whether these occurrences are a conscious artistic device, a mnemonic aid or a spontaneous feature of human storytelling.Both of the Homeric poems begin with an invocation to the. In the Iliad, the poet invokes her to sing of 'the anger of Achilles', and, in the Odyssey, he asks her to sing of 'the man of many ways'. A similar opening was later employed by Virgil in his. Textual transmission. A Reading from Homer (1885) byThe orally transmitted Homeric poems were put into written form at some point between the eighth and sixth centuries BC.

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Some scholars believe that they were dictated to a scribe by the poet and that our inherited versions of the Iliad and Odyssey were in origin orally-dictated texts. Noted that the Balkan bards that he was studying revised and expanded their songs in their process of dictating. Some scholars hypothesize that a similar process of revision and expansion occurred when the Homeric poems were first written down. Other scholars hold that, after the poems were created in the eighth century, they continued to be orally transmitted with considerable revision until they were written down in the sixth century. After textualisation, the poems were each divided into 24 rhapsodes, today referred to as books, and labelled by the letters of the.

Most scholars attribute the book divisions to the Hellenistic scholars of Alexandria, in Egypt. Some trace the divisions back further to the Classical period. Very few credit Homer himself with the divisions.In antiquity, it was widely held that the Homeric poems were collected and organised in Athens in the late sixth century BC by the tyrant (died 528/7 BC), in what subsequent scholars have dubbed the 'Peisistratean recension'. The idea that the Homeric poems were originally transmitted orally and first written down during the reign of Peisistratos is referenced by the first-century BC Roman orator and is also referenced in a number of other surviving sources, including two ancient Lives of Homer. From around 150 BC, the texts of the Homeric poems seem to have become relatively established. After the establishment of the, Homeric scholars such as of Ephesus, and in particular helped establish a canonical text.The first printed edition of Homer was produced in 1488 in Milan, Italy.

Today scholars use medieval manuscripts, and other sources; some argue for a 'multi-text' view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The nineteenth-century edition of mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991, 1996) follows the medieval vulgate. Others, such as (1998–2000) or T.W.

Allen, fall somewhere between these two extremes. See also. Buck, Carl Darling (1928). The Greek Dialects. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Evelyn-White, Hugh Gerard (tr.) (1914). The Loeb Classical Library.

London; New York: Heinemann; MacMillen. Ford, Andrew (1992). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Graziosi, Barbara (2002). Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic.

Cambridge Classical Studies.: Cambridge University Press. Kirk, G.S. The Songs of Homer.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.; Scott, Robert (1940). (Revised ed.).

Oxford: Clarendon Press; Perseus Digital Library. (1960). The Rise of the Greek Epic (Galaxy Books ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. Schein, Seth L.

Berkeley: University of California Press. Silk, Michael (1987).:. Smith, William, ed. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. London: John Murray.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to.Wikiquote has quotations related to:has original works written by or about:aboutHomer.By Homer. at the. at.

at. at (public domain audiobooks).

Homer; Murray, A.T. (in Ancient Greek and English). I, Books I–XII. London; New York: William Heinemann Ltd.; G.P. Putnam's Sons; Internet Archive. Daitz, Stephen (reader). Society for the Reading of Greek and Latin Literature (SORGLL).

Archived from on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2008-05-09. Heath, Malcolm (May 4, 2001). Department of Classics, University of Leeds; Internet Archive. Archived from on September 8, 2008.

Retrieved 2014-11-07. Bassino, Paola (2014). Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history. Durham University. Retrieved November 18, 2014.